Unit 4 – Working in Health and Social Care

1.1 Define person centred practice

Person-centred practice is an efficient approach to care that puts the individual at the core of all care service provision, considering their unique beliefs, wishes, abilities and preferences. It involves working with individuals to identify their needs and goals while recognising their rights to autonomy and self-determination (Department of Health & Social Care 2020). This means focusing on the person’s strengths rather than solely addressing deficits or limitations. In addition, the person-centred practice aims for a collaborative relationship between carers/service providers and those accessing services by promoting active participation in care plan management decision-making processes.

Research has shown that when people feel supported through personalised approaches that value them as whole persons, it can lead to better outcomes, such as improved mental health and well-being (Pooja et al., 2019).

Person-Centred Practice emphasises treating each holistically – acknowledging values and other factors besides medical conditions like social connections, culture etc.

1.2 Analyse how person centred ways of working contribute to the continuity of care

One significant advantage of using person-centred ways of working is that it promotes continuity of care by ensuring consistency while remaining responsive to changes as they arise.

Consistency means adopting an approach that remains uniform even when multiple service providers or carers are involved such that each one provides high-quality services adhering to agreed-upon protocols (Pooja et al., 2019). This could be achieved by clearly agreeing on the objectives and roles involved in delivering care services to an individual. An ongoing review enables changes based on emerging needs, ensuring they remain at the centre of their care.

Person-centred practice can significantly promote continuity by keeping accurate records that provide insights into individuals’ health conditions, what has worked best for them, and preferences regarding choices (Department of Health and Social Care, 2013).

Person-centred ways of working ensure consistency while remaining responsive to change by creating comprehensive agreements with people who access support or services. The approach provides opportunities for collaboration between carers/service providers and those accessing these services while focusing on individual choice and preference.

1.3 Describe the role of safeguarding and protection in person-centred practice

Safeguarding and protection ensure that individuals accessing care services receive support while maintaining their dignity and safety by balancing positive risk-taking against protective measures to mitigate potential harm (Department for Education 2020).

Person-centred practice prioritises the duty of care towards individuals as central to providing high-quality services; this includes minimising any foreseeable risks associated with receiving such support (Pooja et al., 2019). In addition, positive risk-taking enables people to make informed decisions by identifying risks, benefits and alternatives while seeking their views on managing these (Department for Education 2020).

Safeguarding and protection involve developing protocols promoting individual rights without compromising their safety. This includes monitoring possible abuse or neglect during care service provision (Department for Business Innovation & Skills, 2013).

Safeguarding ensures that individuals accessing services are not exposed to unnecessary harm whilst remaining responsive to changes as they arise, protecting them from any potential threats posed by external factors.

1.4 Explain the benefits of positive risk-taking for individuals accessing services

Positive risk-taking refers to making calculated and informed decisions which enable individuals accessing services or support to undertake activities that could increase their independence (NICE, n.d.). It encourages autonomy while balancing safety concerns when taking risks. The benefits of positive risk-taking for individuals accessing services are numerous. Firstly, it enhances their sense of empowerment and self-esteem by providing opportunities to take control of their lives. This could lead to better mental health outcomes, such as reduced anxiety or depression.

Secondly, positive risk-taking promotes social inclusion; people feel valued when participating in activities that align with what matters most to them. Also, when given choices about the type and level of support needed, they can achieve personal goals while reducing feelings associated with isolation.

Thirdly, Positive Risk Taking encourages learning through experience, which can promote skill development while improving problem-solving capabilities, allowing individuals institutionalised due to chronic illnesses like dementia to gain independence (Department for Work and Pensions, n.d.).

Positive Risk-Taking fosters individual growth, balancing safety concerns, providing autonomy and promoting healthier emotional states.

2.1 Describe the role of communication in health and social care

Communication is fundamental in health and social care as it facilitates the exchange of information between service users and professionals, or among different health and social care practitioners. Effective communication involves accurately transmitting ideas, thoughts, and feelings through various means, such as one-to-one interactions like professional consultations, group discussions within teams, formal presentations to the public, or informal conversations with friends.

For example, using services that allow direct interaction with a doctor through video conferencing (utilising technology) improves access to medical expertise for people who live far away from medical facilities. Also, during multi-professional meetings that require several disciplines pooling their knowledge together, there are excellent opportunities for discussion, thus increasing a better understanding of service user’s needs.

Communication also serves another vital function – building rapport among colleagues by creating an atmosphere conducive to open dialogues where questions can be raised without fear of ridicule, which may significantly enhance trust levels across cultures.

2.2 Explain methods of communication used in health and social care

In the context of the health and social care sector, different methods used include both verbal and non-verbal approaches, such as body language and written means of communication. These can be formal or informal, depending on the context. Formal interactions usually occur in professional settings, while informal methods may involve chatting with a patient during visits.

Technology-based interventions like text messaging are prevalent nowadays, and augmentative approaches like using symbols for individuals who might have problems expressing themselves verbally would come into play. They are also useful when using touch or music, which promotes calming to overcome anxiety around procedures and examinations being done to an individual.

For people with disabilities, visual forms of interaction work well. Thus, British Sign Language has been widely adopted within care circles across all ages and has spread rapidly among primary schools.

It is imperative that health and care professionals should adopt several modes that address the unique requirements of the service users they interact with, including varying cultures.

2.3 Identify barriers to communication in health and social care

Despite advances made towards ensuring effective communication within health and social care environments, some challenges persist, notably language barriers – diverse cultural backgrounds must be accommodated, especially if a community is predominantly non-native English speaking. Due to physical impairments, not every user possesses the same capacity to speak, hear, or see, thus necessitating the use of alternative forms of communication, such as braille to reach visually impaired individuals.

Psychological barriers can also affect interactions between care providers and service users, e.g., fear, anxiety, or a history of bad experiences during procedures may impair one’s ability to communicate effectively, even when they do not understand the caregiver. Certain stereotypes, especially against mental health illnesses and other chronic disorders, cause stigma, making it hard for those experiencing these conditions to feel comfortable in seeking care and expressing themselves.

Sensitivity should be taken into consideration whenever dealing with people affected by any underlying psychological issue, but professional methods towards creating trust within interactions through conversational skills might come into play positively.

2.4 Describe information handling and recording procedures

When handling data, practitioners must strictly adhere to due process, outlining well-thought-out approaches. Recording service users’ information must include factual, detailed analysis of problem diagnosis, enabling a shared view among colleagues.

Professional confidentiality has clear protocols, including information-sharing strategies that permit stakeholders to meet user needs while still maintaining security, i.e., compliance with the Data Protection Act (1998). Any data captured about patients must be stored securely and confidentially within the confines of applicable laws. Also, documentation on case notes should outline the rationale for why details were shared and the agreed-upon persons involved or referred where necessary while giving safeguarding a higher preference as prescribed by law.

Furthermore, all reporting aspects must remain highly confidential, considering privacy concerns, including any hard copies or electronic files for storage or offsite, because mistakes occur, especially around unauthorised access to user information. Detailing protection measures if these issues arise needs implementation.

All stakeholders taking part, including volunteers and non-paid third-party individuals brought into cases, would need training. Staff protocols include policy forms made available, and staff monitoring ensures accurate identification of violations, supporting effective supervision/control.

2.5 Explain the principles and practices relating to confidentiality in health

Confidentiality is key in health and social care environments, as sharing information indiscriminately not only breaks trust but could result in incalculable damage ranging from minor consequences, such as inconvenience, to significant financial losses, i.e., medical identity theft. Hence, legislation emphasising the importance of information handling has been put in place.

Principles and practices of confidentiality dictate that data can only be accessed by authorised persons involved in care directly who possess the proper credentials, consent, or explicit approval. Also, there is a need for transparency to meet service users’ expectations before accessing their medical records, with details given honestly, including reasoning around tests carried out and relevant results to better help them have agency over such interactions.

Knowing when it’s necessary, the reason to share service user-related data could also extend beyond professionals, especially if others like law enforcement would benefit from that knowledge, i.e., in situations where risk management efforts are required.

Nonetheless, such an exception should be rare as the sharing of sensitive information goes against an individual’s right to confidentiality. Policies that outline scenarios where other parties can access details from one’s records exist so that appropriate consent is given. This applies even when transferring electronic data containing sensitive patient health-related files since these also require explicit approval for sharing.

Additionally, professionals should ensure safe storage practices while keeping in mind the need for secure disposal at any stage, including destruction protocols, thus avoiding legal repercussions.

3.1 Explain the cause and spread of infection

Agents of infection, such as bacteria and viruses, can cause infections in individuals when they enter their bodies through different routes, such as inhalation or ingestion. Reservoirs of infection include people infected with the infection agent and organisms like rodents that harbour the infectious agents without displaying any symptoms.

Water-borne diseases spread by consuming water contaminated with pathogens, while vector-borne diseases transmit through insect bites carrying disease-causing microorganisms.

Fungal infections occur due to exposure to airborne fungal spores in soil or decaying organic matter, such as rotting fruits or bread. Individuals who show no apparent symptoms but carry an infectious agent can act as carriers for contagious illnesses, leading to inadvertent transmission upon interaction.

3.2 Explain the importance of preventing and controlling the spread of infection

The importance of preventing and controlling the spread of infection cannot be overstated as it protects public health and well-being. Conditions, especially those caused by multidrug-resistant organisms, can damage the reputation of individuals or organisations and expose them to legal repercussions. Adequate preventive measures, such as handwashing and the use of sanitisers, significantly lower the incidence rate.

Employing suitable harm reduction techniques is vital, such as early identification and reporting procedures, and swift containment mechanisms during an outbreak. Furthermore, adequate training on process awareness, including risk assessment, enables effective monitoring by identifying high-risk areas needing increased attention, thereby reducing potential sources of infection spread within communities.

3.3 Explain how to reduce the spread of infection

Effective management systems must utilise all available resources to mitigate disease spread, particularly when new infectious agents rapidly emerge in global populations.

Hand hygiene methods are critical steps towards limiting transmission via human contact. Using protective equipment like overalls, gloves, and face masks provides an additional layer of safety. Personnel trained in the correct application of sanitisers understand handwashing techniques, including the optimal use protocols, thereby limiting transmission probabilities, especially during contagious outbreaks.

Increasing awareness about potential sources, such as water contaminated with bacteria or protozoa, can drastically reduce infection while heightening vigilance when navigating these environments. This can be achieved, for instance, by properly storing food and preventing contamination by disease-carrying flies.

Understanding disease risk assessments leads to enhanced monitoring methods that aid in controlling outbreaks. During these outbreaks, it is crucial to compile data, record timelines of events to limit closure durations, and ensure zero incidents originating from affected areas. Moreover, implementing proper decontamination measures to disinfect all surfaces before resuming normalcy, without allowing residual microbes recovery time, prevents new cases in future occurrences.

4.1 Describe different working relationships in health and social care settings

Working relationships in health and social care settings involve various professionals, agencies, and individuals working together to provide quality client support (Department of Health, 2013). These include health workers such as doctors and nurses, social care workers like carers and occupational therapists, and family members or friends who offer emotional or physical support. Key agencies also provide professional help, ranging from career advice to personal budget management.

Each member within these relationships has defined roles, ensuring service users receive the best possible care during their recovery journey (Dickinson et al., 2020). These collaborative efforts ensure that healthcare providers have sufficient information at all stages for proper planning when addressing issues concerning patient welfare.

Working relationships are paramount in health and social care organisations. They help reduce delays between client meetings as duties are shared among specialists. This leads to better outcomes through collaboration between partners across localities, enabling the achievement of maximum results with limited resources while improving the quality of everyone’s services (Department of Health, 2013).

Beyond the core healthcare and social care team, various other working relationships contribute to service user care:

• Individuals and their friends and family: These relationships provide emotional support, practical assistance, and advocacy for the patient.
• Colleagues and managers: These relationships foster collaboration, information sharing, and professional development within the care team.
• Other people in the workplace: This includes support staff, administrative personnel, and technicians who contribute to the smooth functioning of the care environment.
• Volunteers and visitors: These individuals offer additional support, companionship, and a connection to the outside world for service users.
• Interdisciplinary relationships: Collaborating with professionals from different disciplines for comprehensive care.
• Partnership relationships: Working jointly with external organisations or agencies to enhance overall care provision.

4.2 Explain the role of an advocate in supporting individuals accessing services

Advocacy is an essential service provided to people seeking assistance and those with limited power who need someone to speak up for them (Mind Cymru et al., n.d.). The role of an advocate involves providing advice and support while acting on behalf of or representing a person’s needs. Advocates empower individuals using health and social care services by ensuring their voice is heard when decisions are made.

They assist service users in understanding various treatment options available, helping them make informed choices concerning their healthcare. An advocate also provides emotional support by engaging with clients, listening attentively, and offering suggestions without making final judgments. This ensures that individuals feel understood and involved in critical areas relating to their personal well-being.

Advocates aim at breaking down barriers, such as communication issues between different professionals. They work together to promote equality and support clients through representation, leading to more positive outcomes.

4.3 Explain why it is essential to work in partnership with others

Working in partnership ensures that service providers achieve the best possible outcome for their clients (NHS England, 2015). Effective partnerships involve different agencies sharing expertise, which reduces duplication when addressing complex client cases, such as social or psychological issues.

Partnerships are crucial as they facilitate social inclusion by empowering participation and reducing inequalities of opportunity while respecting individual choices. Partnering enables organisations and stakeholders across the system to focus on prioritised areas, thereby improving delivery efficiencies. This applies regardless of whether voluntary organisations come forward and ensures safety nets are not limited solely to official institutions (Department of Health and Social Care [DHSC], 2020).

Furthermore, working in partnership enables service providers to deliver a more consistent and effective approach by accessing specialist expertise or knowledge. Partnerships can also improve safeguarding since partners can identify warning signs earlier due to collective learning (DHSC 2020).

Working in partnership not only promotes the coordination of delivery and sharing of resources, but also allows for flexibility, improving sustainability, and benefiting people holistically (Department of Health [DoH],2012).

4.4 Evaluate the role of teams in providing a coordinated approach

Effective teamwork within health and social care settings leads to an organised system that ensures a coordinated approach when providing services to clients (Bates et al., 2018). Different teams, comprising professionals with diverse backgrounds, are responsible for delivering quality services. Collaborative teamwork promotes consistency of service delivery and enhances patient experiences.

Working in teams allows for the sharing of roles and allocation of tasks based on members’ skills or expertise. This promotes empowerment and respect for individual responsibilities (Weber and Uchida-Jones 2021). Effective communication is facilitated between team members, promoting regular information-sharing so that everyone’s insights are included.

Coordination encourages efficient use of resources, such as time management, and enables high standard record-keeping for evaluation and further improvement within services. Moreover, working in teams enables proper mentoring and the cascading of knowledge to team members with lesser experience, promoting growth opportunities and professional development.

Teamwork ensures better outcomes for service users by promoting consistency and continuity of service. This leads towards progress and benefits in performance, serving the long-term interests of stakeholders and enabling successful care coordination among specialists (Department of Health [DoH], 2013).

5.1 Explain the purpose of care planning

Care planning plays an integral role in delivering comprehensive and person-centred care for individuals with diverse needs, ensuring consistent availability of appropriate support. The process of care planning involves the formation of personalised plans specifically tailored to accommodate the preferences and needs of each individual requiring care or support. This process encompasses negotiation, consultation, evaluation, and documentation of their distinct needs, ensuring any interventions are aligned with their desires.

Care plans are indispensable as they provide precise guidance for achieving set goals while allowing healthcare professionals to gauge progress towards these goals over time using Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Furthermore, Foley et al. (2018) assert that this approach empowers service users, as it enables them to comprehend and actively participate in decisions that impact their welfare.

5.2 Outline roles and responsibilities involved in the care planning process

The development of effective care plans involves several stakeholders, all of whom play essential roles throughout the process. Team members and colleagues collaborate to construct bespoke interventions that reflect individual preferences, advocating for their unique needs based on criteria established during goal-setting or condition assessment.

Professionals from various disciplines, such as psychology and medicine, contribute specialist support according to the identified needs of patients.

The individuals receiving care should also be empowered to voice any concerns or queries about the proposed procedures, thereby facilitating better customisation of treatment, in line with the guidance from the United Kingdom Home Care Association (2020).

Families can contribute practical suggestions for formulating operational contingency plans, while ensuring transparent communication with all parties involved, including resolution of potential conflicts, when necessary.

Advocates participate in identifying and addressing health inequalities, enabling equitable access to quality healthcare.

Lastly, health and social care personnel bear primary responsibility for ensuring that the implemented strategies respect the dignity and confidentiality of individuals, always seeking relevant legal advice in case of uncertainties.

Care planning is a multidisciplinary process requiring close collaboration among all stakeholders, in order to offer personalised plans and effective intervention measures based on the needs of individuals and professional best practices.

5.3 Describe how to ensure the individual is involved in all care planning and review stages

Individuals should be actively included throughout the care planning process, from the identification of their unique needs, through the development of tailored intervention strategies, to the evaluation stage. To ensure comprehensive involvement at all stages, healthcare personnel need to maintain an attitude of positive support and mutual respect, while adhering to inclusive communication practices when interacting with those receiving care (United Kingdom Homecare Association, 2020).

Caregivers should aim to empower individuals rather than disempower them through negative labelling or an undue focus on their limitations; instead, attention should be centred on utilising their capabilities – be it harnessing an existing skill set or developing cognitive resources as part of a strengths-based approach (Breslin et al., 2017).

In addition:

• Information should be made accessible by employing visual aids like pictures or videos where possible.
• Clarifications should be sought on specific areas that require further explanation.
• Feedback should be obtained after implementing specific interventions or services.

Involving individuals in all aspects of care planning allows health and social care personnel to receive essential feedback, which guides informed decisions and facilitates service user empowerment, improving quality of life and satisfaction with the overall service.

6.1 Describe common types of medication and their effects, and potential side effects

Common types of medication include analgesics and pain relievers that healthcare professionals can obtain over the counter or prescribe. Antibiotics are medications used to treat bacterial infections and work by killing bacteria or preventing their growth. Side effects of antibiotics may include diarrhoea, nausea, or allergic reactions.

Antidepressants treat depression and can take several weeks to work properly. However, they have potential side effects such as weight gain and sexual dysfunction.

Antipsychotics are medications used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, among others. They help reduce hallucinations, delusions, or agitation symptoms but can cause dizziness or tremors. Additionally, potential side effects of anti-inflammatories include stomach pain, ulcers, and bleeding if taken for prolonged periods.

Sedatives are used to induce relaxation or sleep. They can be addictive when misused but are otherwise safe when properly prescribed by a healthcare professional. Side effects may include drowsiness and impaired motor coordination.

Vaccines prevent infectious diseases like measles, mumps, rubella, or influenza. They work by helping the immune system recognise and fight specific pathogens. While they may cause minor side effects like redness or soreness at the injection site, vaccines have an excellent safety record.

6.2 Explain the different routes of medicine administration

The different routes of medicine administration include buccal (between the cheek and gums), enteral (through the gastrointestinal tract), inhalable (breathed in through the lungs), infused (injected into a vein slowly over time), intramuscularly (into muscle tissue), or subcutaneously (directly under the skin).

Intrathecal is injected into the spinal canal, while intravenous means directly injecting medication into a patient’s veins, which requires close monitoring due to the rapid onset of action.

The nasal route involves sprays that deliver medications directly inside the nasal cavity, which can be absorbed quickly, while ophthalmic involves eye drops for treating eye conditions.

Orally ingesting pills is the most common method with the least invasive nature. Otic drugs come in the form of ear drops. The topical application uses creams and lotions on the affected area. In contrast, transdermal delivery patches placed on unbroken skin work best when a slow, sustained drug release is required, such as nicotine patches for smoking cessation.

6.3 Describe how to administer medication safely and in line with current legislation and guidelines

Several precautions must be followed according to current legislation and guidelines to administer medication safely. Ensuring that the patient’s name matches their prescription details before administering any medication is essential. The correct dosage should also be checked against the doctor’s orders, along with the date of expiry of the medicine and the method/route specified on prescriptions by doctors/pharmacists.

It is imperative to ascertain whether patients have eaten or not when taking certain medications like antibiotics, which can cause stomach upsets if consumed while fasting or on an empty stomach.

Patient consent is paramount before giving out any form of medical care/treatment, including medication administration, where verbal confirmation would suffice. Still, written permission will always provide additional evidence-based records.

Reporting significant adverse reactions/side effects after drug administration is vital to improve treatment outcomes.

Risk assessments must be conducted regularly and following country-specific service frameworks/policies implemented where necessary, ensuring constant compliance with legislative requirements.

Current legislation in the UK relating to medication administration includes The Medicines Act 1968, which regulates medicines and their distribution. The Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and subsequent amendments aim to prevent drug misuse by restricting access to certain controlled drugs. The Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974 outlines employers’ responsibilities for ensuring employees are safe while administering medications as part of their job role. NICE guidelines provide evidence-based recommendations on best practices in medicine management that should be followed by health and social care professionals when administering medication safely within care settings or home environments.

6.4 Explain the records to be completed for the storage, administration and disposal of medication

Records regarding medication include receipts verifying what was delivered/ordered, such as documentation confirming receipt and delivery quantities sent or received. In addition, accurate stock inventory management helps maintain good practices at all times.

MAR charts assist in documenting information related to Medication Administration Records. This may include drug type, dosages given, frequency checks carried out, administration timings, routes are taken, and the personnel responsible, creating clear audit trails and chain-of-evidence and acting as evidence if required for legal purposes.

Disposal records document how medications were safely disposed of, following environmental legislation and guidelines. This will prevent expired drugs from returning to circulation, potentially posing risks to patients, users, families, and care staff who may unknowingly consume them, leading to severe outcomes.

Storage records ensure that medication is stored correctly while monitoring temperature controls, which are essential factors affecting their efficacy and performance in care settings like hospitals, clinics, and community pharmacies, where stock control requires greater scrutiny than others. In addition, proactively identifying any missing items or overdue reorder would be critical preventive steps towards adverse events.

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