Unit 5: Safeguarding and Protection in Care Settings

1.1 Explain the term safeguarding

Safeguarding is a broad term that refers to the various measures taken to protect individuals from harm or abuse, particularly those who are considered vulnerable due to their age, ability, or other factors. This can include children, elderly individuals, people with disabilities, or anyone who may be at risk of harm or exploitation due to their circumstances.

Safeguarding involves taking proactive steps to identify and prevent harm or abuse from occurring, as well as responding promptly to any concerns or incidents that are reported. This can include implementing policies and procedures to ensure that individuals are protected, training staff to recognise the signs of abuse or neglect, and collaborating with other organisations or agencies as needed to provide support and protection to those in need.

In the health and social care sector, safeguarding is a particularly important responsibility, as professionals in this field often work with vulnerable individuals who may be at risk of harm or abuse. This can include providing care and support to children or elderly individuals in their homes, working with people with disabilities, or providing support to individuals who may be at risk of harm due to their circumstances.

There are many different types of abuse that can occur, including physical, sexual, emotional, and financial abuse, as well as neglect. Safeguarding measures should be in place to protect individuals from all of these forms of abuse, and professionals should be trained to recognise the signs of abuse and take appropriate action if necessary.

In addition to protecting individuals from harm or abuse, safeguarding also involves promoting their well-being and helping them to thrive. This can include providing support and resources to help individuals achieve their goals and fulfil their potential and ensuring that they are treated with dignity and respect.

1.2 Explain own role and responsibilities in safeguarding individuals

As a health and social care professional, my role and responsibilities in safeguarding individuals are crucial to ensuring that the people I work with are kept safe from harm or abuse. This involves taking proactive steps to identify and prevent harm or abuse from occurring, as well as responding promptly to any concerns or incidents that are reported.

Some of my specific responsibilities in safeguarding individuals might include:

• Understanding and following relevant policies and procedures for safeguarding, including those related to reporting and responding to concerns or incidents.
• Being vigilant for signs of abuse or neglect and taking appropriate action if necessary. This might include reporting concerns to my supervisor or other relevant authorities or seeking additional support or resources for individuals who may be at risk.
• Providing support and resources to individuals to help them achieve their goals and fulfil their potential, and ensuring that they are treated with dignity and respect.
• Collaborating with other organisations or agencies as needed to provide additional support or protection to individuals who may be at risk.
• Maintaining confidentiality and respecting the privacy of individuals while also being aware of my legal obligations to report any concerns or incidents.

In addition to these specific responsibilities, it is also important for me to be proactive in promoting a culture of safeguarding within my organisation and among my colleagues. This might involve participating in training and development opportunities, sharing best practices and resources, and advocating for the needs and rights of the individuals I work with.

My role and responsibilities in safeguarding individuals are critical to ensuring that the people I work with are kept safe and supported and that their well-being is promoted and protected.

1.3 Define the following terms:

A • Physical abuse is a type of abuse that involves any form of non-accidental violence or injury inflicted upon an individual. This can take many forms, including hitting, punching, kicking, or using weapons or other objects to cause harm. Physical abuse can also involve the use of restraints or other forms of coercion, such as locking someone in a room or preventing them from leaving a certain area. Physical abuse can have serious physical and emotional consequences for the victim, and can leave them with long-term physical or psychological scars.

B • Domestic abuse is a type of abuse that occurs within the home or within a domestic or family relationship. This can include any form of abuse, such as physical, sexual, emotional, or financial abuse, and can occur between spouses, partners, or other family members. Domestic abuse can take many forms and can involve a range of behaviours, including physical violence, sexual coercion, emotional manipulation, or financial exploitation. Domestic abuse can have serious consequences for the victim and can lead to physical injury, psychological trauma, and other negative impacts on their well-being.

C • Sexual abuse is a type of abuse that involves any form of non-consensual sexual contact or behaviour. This can include rape, sexual assault, or other forms of sexual violence, as well as sexual exploitation or coercion. Sexual abuse can have serious physical and emotional consequences for the victim and can leave them with long-term trauma or other negative impacts on their well-being.

D • Emotional/psychological abuse is a type of abuse that involves the manipulation, coercion, or abuse of an individual’s emotions or psychological well-being. This can take many forms, including verbal or emotional abuse, such as name-calling, belittling, or controlling behaviour, as well as psychological manipulation or coercion. Emotional/psychological abuse can have serious consequences for the victim and can lead to feelings of worthlessness, self-doubt, and other negative impacts on their well-being.

E • Financial/material abuse is a type of abuse that involves the mismanagement or exploitation of an individual’s financial or material resources. This can include stealing, fraud, or financial exploitation, as well as the unauthorised use or misuse of an individual’s financial resources. Financial/material abuse can have serious consequences for the victim and can leave them with financial hardship, loss of assets, or other negative impacts on their well-being.

F • Modern slavery is a form of abuse that involves the exploitation of individuals for labour or other purposes, including through the use of threats, violence, or other forms of coercion. This can include human trafficking, forced labour, or other forms of exploitation. Modern slavery can have serious consequences for the victim, including physical and emotional abuse, loss of freedom and autonomy, and other negative impacts on their well-being.

G • Discriminatory abuse is a type of abuse that is based on an individual’s race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, or other personal characteristics. This can include hate crimes, discrimination, or other forms of abuse that are motivated by prejudice or discrimination. Discriminatory abuse can have serious consequences for the victim, including physical and emotional abuse, loss of freedom and autonomy, and other negative impacts on their well-being.

H • Institutional/organisational abuse is a type of abuse that occurs within an organisation or institutional setting, such as a nursing home, hospital, or other care facilities. This can include neglect, abuse, or exploitation of individuals by staff or other organisation members. Institutional/organisational abuse can have serious consequences for the victim, including physical and emotional abuse, loss of freedom and autonomy, and other negative impacts on their well

I • Self-neglect is the act of not taking care of oneself or one’s environment. It can take many forms, including failing to attend to personal hygiene, not providing oneself with adequate food, clothing, or shelter, and not taking necessary medication or seeking medical care. It can also involve hoarding, which can create unsafe and unhealthy living conditions. Self-neglect can have serious consequences, including physical health problems, mental health problems, and social isolation. It can also increase the risk of accidents, falls, and injuries.

J . Neglect by others refers to the failure of a caregiver to provide necessary care and support to a person who is unable to care for themselves. This can include physical neglect, such as failing to provide adequate food, clothing, or medical care, or failing to provide a safe and clean environment. It can also include emotional neglect, such as ignoring the person’s emotional needs or failing to provide social interaction or stimulation.

1.4 Describe harm

Harm is an all-encompassing term that covers physical, emotional, and psychological damage. It can refer to the direct harm inflicted on a person by another person or to more indirect sources of suffering such as poverty, discrimination, or oppressive systems.

Physical harm refers to any kind of injury caused by an external force, such as a car accident or assault. This type of harm often leads to medical costs due to the medical attention required for recovery, as well as financial costs in terms of lost wages if work is missed during this time period due to incapacitation. Emotional and mental health can also suffer in these situations, leading to depression and even suicidal ideations, which often require treatment over long periods before normal functioning resumes.

Emotional harm is damage done to a person’s self-esteem or esteem in the eyes of others through verbal degradation, ridicule, etc., resulting in humiliation which can manifest itself psychologically throughout life. This type of harm is harder to recognise and measure, but it can be just as damaging as physical injury.

Psychological harm involves damage done to a person’s sense of well-being due to various forms, such as anxiety and stress disorders or other mental illnesses caused by traumatic events or circumstances. This can result in lasting psychological pain that is difficult, if not impossible, for an individual to recover from without professional help.

Harm can manifest itself in any form, whether physical, emotional, or psychological, and has a wide range of impacts on an individual’s life, leading to deep suffering unless the right kind of support systems are put in place to help those affected by harm get back on their feet again, both financially and mentally/emotionally.

1.5 Describe restrictive practices

Restrictive practices are procedures, rules, or regulations that restrict a person’s freedom. These practices can be used for various reasons, such as preventing harm, deterring negative behaviour, or protecting rights and freedoms. There are various types and levels of restrictive practices that can be employed depending on the purpose they serve.

Some common examples include medical restraints, which may involve strapping someone down to ensure safety when there is a risk of harming themselves or others; clothing restrictions that limit what clothes someone wears; nutrition restrictions designed to ensure adequate intake; communication limits meant to protect certain information from being shared too widely; hygiene protocols like hand-washing requirements or controlled shower times; and travel limitations imposed when visiting family members outside of care homes. Restrictive practices also exist in other forms, such as behavioural intervention strategies (BIS), isolation policies, and chemical restraint/medication, where psychotropic medications are administered without consent.

In order for restrictive practices used by health and social care professionals to be deemed acceptable, they must meet certain criteria. This includes assessing the risk of harm and seeking consent from the person in question or their responsible guardian where appropriate, as well as considering potential less restrictive alternatives. A thorough review process should also take place so that any changes to restrictive practices can be monitored and tracked over time, with a focus on making them more individualised.

It is important for healthcare practitioners to understand that although there are occasions when restrictions are necessary, it is still essential to respect the autonomy and human rights of those who are subject to such measures, working towards restoring their liberty rather than confining it further whenever possible. Therefore, practice staff need appropriate training, guidance, and support about how best to use these interventions both ethically and appropriately while maintaining the safety standards required by regulatory bodies such as the Care Quality Commission (CQC).

2.1 Identify the signs and/or symptoms associated with each of the following types of abuse:

A. Physical abuse:

• Bruises, cuts, burns, or broken bones that cannot be explained
• Unexplained absences from work or school
• Fear of physical contact or being in the presence of the abuser
• Difficulty walking or sitting due to injury
• Being kept away from friends and family
• Inability to explain injuries

B. Domestic abuse:

• Physical abuse, as listed above
• Control over decision-making or everyday activities
• Isolation from friends and family
• Threats or intimidation
• Economic abuse, such as control over finances or withholding money
• Harassment or stalking

C. Sexual abuse:

• Nonconsensual sexual contact or behaviour
• Pain or bleeding in the genital area
• Difficulty walking or sitting
• Unexpected pregnancies or sexually transmitted infections
• Fear of certain individuals or places
• Depression, anxiety, or other mental health issues

D. Emotional/psychological abuse:

• Constant criticism or belittling
• Isolation from social support
• Gaslighting or manipulation
• Threats or intimidation
• Extreme jealousy or possessiveness
• Constant erosion of self-worth or self-esteem

E. Financial/material abuse:

• Control over finances without permission
• Withholding money or access to financial resources
• Fraud or exploitation of financial resources
• Unauthorised use of financial accounts or credit cards

F. Modern slavery:

• Forced labour or sex work
• Inability to leave work or living situation
• Withholding of documents, such as identification or passports
• Physical or sexual abuse
• Debt bondage

G. Discriminatory abuse:

• Harassment or violence based on race, ethnicity, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, or other personal characteristics
• Denial of necessary goods or services based on discriminatory reasons

H. Institutional/organisational abuse:

• Neglect or mistreatment within a residential care facility or other institution
• Poor living conditions or lack of necessary care
• Overmedication or improper treatment
• Physical, sexual, or emotional abuse by staff or other residents

I. Self-neglect:

• Lack of basic self-care, such as proper nutrition, hydration, or hygiene
• Hoarding or living in unsanitary conditions
• Refusal or inability to seek necessary medical care

J. Neglect by others:

• Lack of necessary care or assistance with basic needs, such as food, clothing, shelter, or medical care
• Being left in unsafe or unhealthy conditions
• Lack of supervision for children or vulnerable individuals

2.2 Describe factors that may contribute to an individual being more vulnerable to abuse

There are a variety of factors that can contribute to an individual being more vulnerable to abuse. These include age, disability status, gender identity or expression, race or ethnicity, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status.

For instance, elderly individuals may be more likely than younger people to experience neglect or abuse because they often have reduced access to support services and depend on caregivers for assistance with basic needs such as grooming and eating. Disability status is another factor that puts people at risk of experiencing violence due to physical limitations that make it difficult for them to escape from dangerous situations. Women, in particular, are highly vulnerable; statistics show that one in four will experience some form of domestic violence during their lifetime compared to just one in seven men.

Additionally, research has shown that LGBTQ+ individuals may be at an increased risk of abuse due to discrimination from members of society who don’t accept their identity. Racial minorities can also find themselves exposed to vulnerability when facing power imbalances that leave them at a disadvantage. Finally, people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds often lack access to resources and services available to those with more wealth, meaning they are unable to seek help when facing abuse.

There are many factors that can contribute to an individual being vulnerable to abuse, ranging from age and disability status through gender identity or expression right down to race or ethnicity, sexual orientation, and economic standing. Therefore, it is important that these issues be taken into consideration in order to create strategies to equip better individuals living in dangerous circumstances with the support they need.

3.1 Explain the actions to take if there are suspicions that an individual is being abused

If there is suspicion that an individual is being abused, it is important to take action right away. The first step should be to assess the situation and collect evidence of the abuse in order to determine if a formal report needs to be made. It may also be necessary for safety reasons or due diligence obligations, depending on your role in relation to the victim.

The next step would then involve talking privately with any witnesses, as well as anyone who might have information regarding the abuse, such as family members, friends, or other professionals who are already involved in providing services for this person. It is important not to speak about these issues outside of any group that has been assembled by you and to try to avoid discussing this issue openly in public areas where others can hear.

Depending on where one lives, there may be mandatory reporting laws related specifically to elder abuse, which require people working within a certain profession, such as medical staff, to take immediate action when they believe someone could possibly be being abused. This will involve reporting the suspected abuse to relevant authorities, such as Adult Protective Services or the police.

It is also important to protect the victim’s safety and well-being, so it may be necessary to arrange for them to be somewhere safe while they are waiting for any further action from these services. If you can contact an attorney who has expertise in this area, it would probably be beneficial as a means of legal advice and protection for both parties involved. Additionally, talking with an advocate about what options are available could help ensure that their rights are being respected throughout this process.

Once someone is aware that abuse is taking place, one of the most important things they can do is remain available as a source of support whenever needed and make sure ongoing communication channels between all parties involved (victim, perpetrator, and authorities) remain open at all times.

Abuse should never be tolerated, and reporting it is the best way to ensure the safety of those involved. Taking these actions will not only help protect an individual from further abuse but also allow for justice to be served in a prompt and efficient manner.

3.2 Explain the actions to take if an individual alleges that they are being abused

If an individual alleges that they are being abused, it is important to provide a safe and secure environment for them. Firstly, you should ensure their physical safety and provide them with a place of refuge away from the potential abuser. It is essential to be respectful and non-judgmental when speaking with the individual, so they feel comfortable disclosing any further information regarding their abuse. Secondly, you should contact your local authorities, such as the police or child protection services, who can then investigate the allegation thoroughly in accordance with legal procedure. Depending on your relationship with this person, e.g. friend/family member/professional, etc., support services may be available that can help deal directly with issues related to emotional well-being or offer counselling sessions if required by the individual affected by abuse.

In addition, having open dialogue surrounding sensitive topics like this allows individuals feeling vulnerable in situations of domestic violence to know where they stand legally, if needed, such as victim compensation laws which may include financial assistance for medical costs, legal fees, and other expenses.

It is essential that you prioritise the safety of the individual and respect their rights. Encouraging them to share details in order to provide adequate assistance while listening without judgment can empower them during this difficult time.

3.3 Identify ways to ensure that evidence of abuse is preserved

Evidence of abuse must be preserved in order to ensure that perpetrators are held accountable for their actions. To do this, there are several steps victims and witnesses should take to ensure evidence is properly preserved.

Photographs can be taken of the scene or any visible physical injuries suffered by the victim as a result of abuse. If applicable, recordings from security cameras in public places may also provide useful evidence if they capture footage related to the incident. It is important that photos and videos do not include faces or identifying information such as names or addresses so privacy can remain intact while protecting justice being served if needed.

Written accounts detailing what happened during an incident should be kept on record so all details will have an accurate account without memory errors over time playing a role in providing faulty information later down the road when it matters most (during court proceedings). It is also recommended that victims create an audio recording themselves by recounting events after leaving any abusive situation; these verbal accounts preserve valuable testimony through the victim’s own words.

Victims should keep all written communication with their abuser on file as well (e.g., emails and text messages). It is advised that victims save these items in secure locations such as email accounts that have passwords and document-sharing systems where access can be limited to just the owner and potential legal representation.

If possible, it is beneficial for survivors of abuse to get any injuries professionally documented so an accurate record exists for later reference during court proceedings or criminal investigations; this would include medical assessments from doctors detailing exact wounds acquired through the incident(s) at hand combined with other forms of evidence noted here already (photos/videos taken by witnesses or security cameras). Taking a few steps when possible to preserve evidence in multiple ways prior to any future investigation provides invaluable information towards convicting perpetrators, ultimately leading toward justice served.

4.1 Identify relevant legislation, national policies and local systems that relate to safeguarding and protection from abuse

Safeguarding and protection from abuse is an incredibly important issue in the United Kingdom, with legislation, national policies, and local systems all contributing to helping keep vulnerable people safe.

Legally, safeguarding in England falls under The Care Act 2014, which sets out what duties a local authority must comply with when responding to potential cases of abuse. This includes responsibilities for investigating and assessing any risks of harm or neglect; ensuring that services are provided for adults who may be unable to protect themselves from harm or exploitation; taking appropriate steps if a person is at risk of domestic violence or mental illness; and preventing behaviour that could constitute abuse towards anyone within the care system.

Nationally, there are key documents that ensure effective safeguarding practices: “Working Together to Safeguard Children (2018)” outlines inter-agency working on how children can best be protected from all forms of maltreatment as well as other kinds of harmful treatment, such as bullying or harassment.

The Human Right Act 1998 provides a legal basis for all people in the UK to have their rights protected, which includes protection from abuse.

The Mental Capacity Act 2005 ensures that those who may not be able to make decisions independently are given appropriate support and protection so they can stay safe.

The Safeguarding Adult Boards (SAB) in each area provide a forum for key organisations to work together and ensure that adults at risk are protected from harm, with local health services, police forces and adult social care teams all represented.

At the local level, there will be specific systems in place, which depend on the individual county or region of the country. These systems may include Multi-Agency Safeguarding Hubs (MASH), where professionals work together to ensure any risks posed towards vulnerable people are identified early; policies around dealing with allegations against staff members, such as a zero tolerance approach; monitoring groups for children who have already been subject to abuse, such as Child Sexual Exploitation (CSE) teams; and a duty solicitor service for victims going through court proceedings.

4.2 Explain the roles of different agencies in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse

The role of different agencies in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse is incredibly important. This can include healthcare professionals, such as doctors and nurses; social care staff, such as social workers; local authority personnel, including housing officers; police officers and other law enforcement representatives. All of these individuals have the responsibility to identify potential instances of abuse occurring or already present within a person’s life in order to take steps to prevent further harm from taking place.

Healthcare professionals have an important role in this process due to their frequent interactions with members of the public, often identifying early signs that could be indicative that someone may be at risk for various forms of abuse or neglect. They are then responsible for acting upon any observations by making referrals which alert relevant agencies about potential cases so they can investigate them further if necessary. Social care staff also possess a crucial role within safeguarding procedures by following up on all allegations made against people who work closely with vulnerable persons, along with providing support services when needed, both during and after an incident.

Local authority personnel are responsible for a range of measures that may help to protect individuals, such as providing advice on how to minimise potential risks, arranging visits, or issuing orders that prohibit contact between those involved in cases involving abuse. Police officers work closely with other agencies when responding to any suspected instances of abuse they encounter while carrying out their duties or during criminal investigations into acts perpetrated against victims where appropriate evidence is present.

4.3 Identify factors that have featured in reports into serious cases of abuse and neglect

Several key factors have been identified in reports of serious cases of abuse and neglect. These include:

Lack of effective communication and coordination between agencies: In many cases, different agencies such as social services, healthcare, and law enforcement have not been effectively communicating and coordinating with each other, leading to missed opportunities to intervene and protect victims. This can occur due to a lack of clear protocols and procedures for sharing information, as well as cultural and systemic barriers to collaboration.

Insufficient training and resources: Many agencies involved in responding to abuse and neglect have reported that they lack the necessary training and resources to effectively identify and address cases of abuse and neglect. This includes a lack of specialised knowledge and expertise in dealing with complex cases, as well as a lack of sufficient staffing and funding to properly support victims and their families.

Negative organisational culture and attitudes: Some organisations have been found to have a culture that is not supportive of victims or that minimises or ignores signs of abuse and neglect. This can occur due to a lack of leadership, a lack of accountability for poor practice, or a lack of awareness and understanding of the impact of abuse and neglect on individuals and communities.

Inadequate policies and procedures: Many organisations have inadequate policies and procedures in place to address abuse and neglect, or they are not effectively implemented. This can include a lack of clear guidance on how to recognise and report abuse, a lack of accountability for failure to follow established protocols, and a lack of transparency and oversight.

Limited access to services: In some cases, victims of abuse and neglect have not had access to the necessary services and support to help them recover from their experiences. This can be due to a lack of available resources, geographic barriers, or cultural or linguistic barriers that prevent victims from seeking help.

Poor quality of care: Some victims of abuse and neglect have received poor-quality care that has further compounded their suffering. This can include a lack of appropriate medical treatment, a lack of emotional and psychological support, or a lack of respect and dignity for the victim’s rights and needs.

Prevalence of power imbalances: Many cases of abuse and neglect involve power imbalances, with vulnerable individuals being targeted by those in positions of power or authority. This can include abuse by caregivers, family members, or institutions, as well as exploitation by traffickers, perpetrators of domestic violence, or other predatory individuals.

Misuse of technology: In some cases, technology has been used to facilitate abuse and neglect, such as through online grooming or the distribution of abusive images. This can occur due to a lack of awareness of the risks and consequences of using technology, as well as a lack of robust safeguards and oversight to prevent abuse.

4.4 Identify sources of information and advice about own role in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse, including whistleblowing

There are various sources of information and advice available to individuals on their role in safeguarding and protecting individuals from abuse, including whistleblowing. Firstly, organisations such as the NSPCC (National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children) provide advice specifically aimed at preventing and responding to child abuse. Additionally, local authorities may offer support services or resources which provide guidance related to this issue.

Employers can also provide essential guidance in terms of identifying potential risks or signs that someone may be being abused or neglected; they should also have policies in place which cover areas such as how a suspected incident must be reported by staff members within their organisation. Other relevant governmental bodies like Public Health England and NHS Protect can offer more comprehensive advice about safeguarding children and adults at risk against maltreatment and neglect via legislation updates too.

Furthermore, whistleblowing provides a confidential route for reporting any wrongdoing concerning either vulnerable adults or children within an organisation where no other means is deemed suitable. The Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998 (PIDA) provides protection for those who decide to speak out.

There are various charities that provide helpful advice and resources to those who may be suffering or witnessing the abuse of adults over the age of 65. As such, it is important for individuals in positions where they are required to safeguard others from harm to stay up-to-date with the latest advice and regulations surrounding this topic.

4.5 Identify when to seek support in situations beyond your experience and expertise

Safeguarding involves protecting individuals from harm, abuse, and neglect. It is essential that workers in the safeguarding environment are competent to do so. However, it is also important to recognise when one’s experience or expertise may not be sufficient for a particular situation, and additional support should be sought out.

It can be difficult for any worker in the safeguarding environment to admit they are beyond their depth with a case or situation. However, seeking help and support early on can help ensure better outcomes as well as reduce the potential risk of harm by taking appropriate action quickly. To this end, it is beneficial to seek advice whenever there are doubts regarding understanding something fully or if further evidence needs to be gathered before taking action. Another set of eyes could provide a valuable perspective in such instances. Additionally, cases where there might exist an “imbalance” (elderly/vulnerable versus younger/stronger) warrant extra caution, which would benefit from a consultation with others who have relevant experience within their field.

In situations where the individual’s vulnerability or degree of harm is unclear, support should be sought from colleagues in order to ensure best practice is being followed. This could involve external specialists such as healthcare professionals and social workers who may have more experience and insight into the case at hand. For example, if a child has been identified as being at risk of abuse or neglect, then outside help should be obtained to assess this further, rather than relying on one person’s judgement alone. Where appropriate, legal advice may also need consulting depending on the severity and complexity of the situation, e.g. professional involvement (doctors/teachers) would require closer inspection by other agencies before any action can take place. Again, seeking help here is essential in ensuring due process follows while protecting individuals appropriately.

It cannot be overemphasised how important it can be not just to seek support when necessary but also to utilise local networks within safeguarding environments, i.e. local authorities, charities, etc. These can provide invaluable resources in the form of advice and experience while also allowing you to become better connected with other like-minded professionals who are committed to safeguarding.

5.1 Explain how the likelihood of abuse may be reduced by:

A – Working with person-centred values involves prioritising the needs, preferences, and goals of the individual and tailoring care and support to meet their unique needs. This means listening to and respecting the person’s wishes, allowing them to have control over their own lives, and helping them to make informed decisions about their care. By adopting person-centred values, care providers can create a safe and supportive environment that promotes trust and empowerment. This can help to reduce the risk of abuse because the individual is more likely to feel confident speaking out if they are being mistreated.

B – Encouraging active participation means involving the individual in the decision-making process and giving them a voice in their own care. This could involve allowing the person to choose their own activities, setting goals and working towards them, and advocating for their own rights. By fostering a sense of autonomy and agency, care providers can help to reduce the risk of abuse because the individual is more likely to feel in control and able to assert their own needs.

C – Promoting choice and rights means respecting the individual’s right to make their own decisions and choices and ensuring that they have access to the information and resources they need to do so. This could include providing information about their rights and options, helping them to understand their responsibilities and duties, and supporting them in advocating for themselves. By promoting choice and rights, care providers can help to reduce the risk of abuse because the individual is more likely to be aware of their own rights and more able to assert them if necessary.

D – Supporting individuals with awareness of personal safety means helping the person to understand how to protect themselves from harm and to recognise and report any abusive or potentially abusive situations. This could involve educating the person about their rights and boundaries, providing them with resources and support to advocate for themselves, and helping them to develop strategies for managing potential risks. By supporting individuals with awareness of personal safety, care providers can help reduce the risk of abuse because the person is more likely to be able to recognise and report any instances of abuse.

Working with person-centred values, encouraging active participation, promoting choice and rights, and supporting individuals with awareness of personal safety can all help to reduce the likelihood of abuse. By creating a safe and supportive environment that promotes trust, autonomy, and agency, care providers can help to empower individuals and protect them from harm.

5.2 Explain the importance of an accessible complaints procedure for reducing the likelihood of abuse

Having an accessible complaints procedure is essential for reducing the likelihood of abuse. An adequate system allows individuals to report any kind of abuse they have experienced and provides a way for organisations or authorities to respond quickly and appropriately. This helps create a safe environment by identifying those responsible for any potential abuses, as well as increasing transparency around how these issues are being addressed within the organisation.

A clear, open channel for reporting not only allows victims or survivors of mistreatment to come forward with their experiences but also encourages others who witness abusive behaviour or situations to come forward. This gives them an avenue in which they can do something about it rather than allowing it to continue unchecked. In addition, having such a mechanism in place gives assurance that those involved will be dealt with swiftly, providing further incentive for people who may be considering perpetrating acts of harm against someone else. Knowing there is proper accountability serves as both a deterrent to carrying out bad intentions and offers immediate help if anything untoward has taken place.

Moreover, having a complaints procedure allows for an effective and consistent response from the organisation, such as initiating investigations if necessary or reporting to relevant authorities. This also means that people within an organisation can have faith in knowing their concerns will be heard and dealt with appropriately, providing more trust between all parties involved.

5.3 Outline how the likelihood of abuse can be reduced by managing risk and focusing on prevention

Prevention is the key to reducing the likelihood of abuse in any setting. To manage risk, it is essential that organisations create a safe environment where individuals are respected and treated with dignity. This can be achieved through education, staff training, and effective communication.

Education programs should provide comprehensive information about all forms of abuse so people know how to recognise signs of potential mistreatment and feel comfortable speaking up if they suspect something isn’t right. Staff should also receive regular training on how to recognise, respond to, and report any instances or suspicions of possible abuse within their organisation or facility. Additionally, it is important for those in positions of authority, such as teachers or supervisors, to establish open lines of communication with those who may be vulnerable. This can be done by creating an atmosphere that encourages dialogue between everyone involved. This will help individuals feel empowered enough to speak out if anything untoward happens or has happened before without fear of retribution from their superiors.

Creating policies regarding acceptable behaviour that must be adhered to by all and monitored is also beneficial. This should include zero tolerance for any kind of abuse, disciplinary procedures that guarantee anonymity for those who report or are accused, and clear guidelines regarding contact between staff/teachers and those under their care.

By creating an atmosphere where everyone feels respected, supported, and encouraged to communicate with each other openly, organisations can create a safe environment focused on preventing any kind of abuse from occurring in the first place. When risk management measures are implemented as part of regular operations through staff training programs and communication strategies between different members involved in the organisation, the likelihood that people will be subject to mistreatment can drastically decrease over time.

6.1 Describe unsafe practices that may affect the well-being of individual

Unsafe practices are activities and behaviours that may cause harm to an individual. In the context of safeguarding, these include any practice that puts someone at risk of physical, psychological, or emotional damage. Unsafe practices have far-reaching consequences for both the individual and wider society, so it is important for us to be aware of what can constitute an unsafe practice in order to keep everyone safe.

Neglect occurs when individuals fail to provide adequate care or support towards another person in their life (such as a family member). This may manifest itself through not providing basic needs such as food or shelter, ignoring signs that they need help with mental health issues, not seeking medical attention when needed, or simply being too busy with other things to provide enough attention towards them. Neglect can lead people into dangerous situations where they are unable to look after themselves properly, putting them at risk of physical injury and even death due to long-term effects on their well-being, such as depression and anxiety disorders.

Another form of unsafe practice is financial abuse, which involves using someone else’s money or assets without their consent, such as by taking out loans in their name. This can have serious impacts on the individual’s financial security and cause them to struggle with paying bills, getting into debt, or having no access to funds when they need them. It is also a type of exploitation that could lead people into situations where they are vulnerable to other types of crime, including human trafficking and sexual exploitation.

Other examples include physical abuse (such as slapping or hitting), psychological/emotional abuse (such as threats made against another person), and sexual harassment or assault. All these forms can lead people to feel scared and isolated from others, creating long-term damaging effects on an individual’s well-being, both mentally and physically. Additionally, any kind of act of violence can be deemed dangerous, endangering not just the person themselves but also those around them – making it all the more important for us to recognise and identify unsafe practices in order to prevent further harm occurring to others in our communities.

6.2 Explain the actions to take if unsafe practices have been identified

Unsafe practices have the potential to put both workers and service users at risk. If any unsafe practices have been identified, it is important to take quick action to prevent injuries and accidents.

If unsafe practices have been identified in relation to safeguarding, it is important to take the following actions:

• Report the incident to the appropriate authorities or agencies, such as local law enforcement, regulatory bodies, or child protective services (if a minor is involved). This should be done as soon as possible to ensure that the incident is properly investigated and any necessary actions are taken to protect individuals.
• Document the incident, including the date and time it occurred, any evidence that may be relevant, and any actions taken in response to the incident. This documentation will be useful in the event that further action is needed, such as an investigation or legal proceedings.
• Inform the individuals who may be affected by the unsafe practices, such as other employees or clients. This will allow them to take any necessary precautions and ensure that they are aware of the situation.
• Implement any necessary measures to prevent further unsafe practices from occurring, such as additional training for employees or changes to policies and procedures.
• Stay in contact with the authorities or agencies involved in the investigation and ensure that they are regularly providing updates on the progress of the investigation.
• If no action has been taken after a reasonable amount of time, consider escalating the matter to higher-level individuals within the organisation or filing a formal complaint.
• It is important to take these actions promptly and effectively to ensure the safety and well-being of all individuals involved.

6.3 Describe the actions to take if suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported but nothing has been done in response

If suspected abuse or unsafe practices have been reported, but nothing has been done in response, the appropriate steps must be taken to ensure the safety and well-being of everyone involved. It is important to review the allegations of potential abuse or negligence carefully. Take detailed notes and record information that could help determine if an incident actually occurred, as well as any evidence that may exist.

Contact any necessary parties who are responsible for handling such incidents, such as local law enforcement agencies, regulatory bodies, or child protective services (if a minor is involved). Provide these agencies with a full report containing all relevant facts about the alleged occurrence(s). Depending on which agency needs to get involved will depend on how your reports should be filed – i.e. through online portals, via email, by telephone, etc.

Document everything you do regarding this issue, including dates/times when reported in writing (emails, etc.), so there is no confusion over the reporting procedures taken, which would protect you should there be any sort of complaint or lawsuit against you.

Make sure to stay in contact with the agency/individuals involved and that they are regularly providing updates on their investigation into the incident(s). While investigations can take some time, if nothing has been done after a reasonable amount of time, you may need to pursue other options, such as escalating the matter with higher-level individuals within an organisation or filing a formal complaint etc.

7.1 Describe the potential risks presented by:

A • The use of electronic communication devices can present risks to safeguarding in several ways. Firstly, these devices can be used to send and receive inappropriate or abusive messages. This can include sexual or violent content or cyberbully. Electronic communication devices can be used to communicate with children or vulnerable adults without the knowledge or consent of their guardians or carers, potentially placing them at risk of grooming or exploitation. The use of electronic communication devices can also facilitate the sharing of personal or sensitive information, which can be misused or exploited.

B • The use of the internet also presents risks to safeguarding, particularly for children and vulnerable adults. These risks include exposure to inappropriate or harmful content, such as pornography, violence, or extremist ideologies. The internet can also be used as a means of grooming or exploiting individuals, particularly through social media or online dating platforms. Additionally, the internet can be used to facilitate financial fraud or identity theft, which can have serious consequences for individuals and their families.

C • The use of social networking sites can pose a range of risks to safeguarding, including the sharing of personal or sensitive information, cyberbullying, and exposure to inappropriate or harmful content. These risks can be exacerbated by the ease with which individuals can connect with others, often without verifying their identity or intentions. This can lead to individuals becoming vulnerable to exploitation, grooming, or abuse.

D • Carrying out financial transactions online can also present risks to safeguarding, particularly in relation to fraud or identity theft. These risks can be minimised by ensuring that financial transactions are carried out through secure websites, using strong passwords and two-factor authentication, and by avoiding sharing personal or financial information with unknown individuals or organisations. It is also important to regularly review financial statements and report any suspicious activity as soon as possible.

7.2 Explain ways of reducing the risks presented by each of these types of activity

A • There are several ways to reduce the risks presented by the use of electronic communication devices:

• Educate users about the appropriate and safe use of these devices, including what types of messages or content are not acceptable to send or receive.
• Use parental controls or filters to block inappropriate or harmful content and limit access to certain websites or apps.
• Set up privacy settings on social media accounts and other online platforms to limit who can see personal or sensitive information.
• Encourage users to be cautious when communicating with unknown individuals and to report any suspicious or inappropriate behaviour.
• Regularly review and update security settings on electronic communication devices to protect against malware or cyber-attacks.

B • To reduce the risks presented by the use of the internet:

• Use parental controls or filters to block inappropriate or harmful content and limit access to certain websites or apps.
• Educate users about online safety, including the importance of maintaining the privacy and not sharing personal or sensitive information with unknown individuals or organisations.
• Encourage users to be cautious when using online dating or social media platforms and to report any suspicious or inappropriate behaviour.
• Regularly review and update security settings on devices, such as antivirus software and firewalls, to protect against malware or cyber-attacks.
• Use strong passwords and two-factor authentication to protect against identity theft or financial fraud.

C • To reduce the risks presented by the use of social networking sites:

• Educate users about the appropriate and safe use of these sites, including what types of messages or content are not acceptable to post or share.
• Use privacy settings to limit who can see personal or sensitive information and adjust these settings regularly to ensure they are up to date.
• Encourage users to be cautious when accepting friend requests or connecting with unknown individuals and to report any suspicious or inappropriate behaviour.
• Regularly review and update security settings on social media accounts to protect against cyber attacks or unauthorised access.
• Consider using a different email address for social media accounts to protect personal information further.

D • To reduce the risks presented by carrying out financial transactions online:

• Use secure websites when making financial transactions, and ensure that the website address begins with “HTTPS” and includes a padlock icon.
• Use strong passwords and two-factor authentication to protect against identity theft or financial fraud.
• Do not share personal or financial information with unknown individuals or organisations.
• Regularly review financial statements and report any suspicious activity as soon as possible.
• Consider using a credit card or payment service that offers additional security measures, such as fraud protection, when making online transactions.
• Avoid using public WIFI networks when making financial transactions, as these may not be secure. Instead, use a personal WIFI network or a virtual private network (VPN) to ensure that the connection is secure.
• Consider using a payment service, such as PayPal or Google Pay, which offers additional security measures to protect against fraud or unauthorised transactions.
• Avoid using debit cards for online transactions, as these are linked to your bank account and can result in a loss of funds if compromised. Credit cards often offer more protection against fraud and unauthorised transactions.
• Make sure to log out of financial accounts after completing a transaction to prevent unauthorised access to your account.
• Keep your device up to date with the latest security patches and software updates to protect against cyber attacks.

7.3 Explain the importance of balancing measures for online safety against the benefits to individuals of using electronic systems and devices

Balancing measures for online safety against the benefits to individuals of using electronic systems and devices is important in relation to safeguarding because it allows individuals to use these systems and devices without compromising their safety or well-being. While the use of electronic systems and devices can provide numerous benefits, such as convenience, access to information, and communication with others, it is important to also consider the potential risks and take appropriate measures to mitigate these risks.

For example, social media can provide a platform for individuals to connect with others, share information, and access a variety of resources. However, it is also important to be aware of the risks of sharing personal information, the potential for cyberbullying, and exposure to inappropriate or harmful content. By setting up privacy settings and educating users about the safe use of social media, it is possible to balance the benefits of using these platforms with measures for online safety.

Similarly, when carrying out financial transactions online, it is important to consider the risks of fraud or identity theft and take appropriate measures to protect against these risks. This may include using secure websites, strong passwords, and two-factor authentication while still being able to take advantage of the convenience and speed of online transactions.

Balancing measures for online safety with the benefits of using electronic systems and devices is essential in safeguarding individuals and ensuring that they can use these systems and devices safely and securely.

14. What abuse is and what to do when they have concerns someone is being abused

Abuse is any type of mistreatment that causes harm or distress to another person, either physically, emotionally, or sexually. Physical abuse includes hitting and other forms of physical aggression, while emotional abuse involves verbal assaults such as name-calling and blaming someone for situations they are not responsible for. Sexual abuse can range from inappropriate touching to rape and sexual coercion.

It is important that people who suspect someone is being abused understand how serious the issue can be. It is not something to ignore in the hopes it will go away. People should take their concerns seriously and report them to appropriate authorities, such as police, social workers, or child protection services, so proper action can be taken quickly to protect victims from further potential harm by perpetrators of abusive behaviour. It might also help if friends support each other, so victims know they have people who care about them enough to ask questions about what is going on in their lives and provide a safe place where an individual feels secure discussing matters of abuse.

If you suspect someone is being abused, do not try to handle the situation alone, as this could put both yourself and the potential victim in danger. Encourage victims of abuse to seek professional help and support, such as a doctor or therapist who specialises in dealing with people who have experienced trauma due to abusive situations. Additionally, providing emotional support by listening without judgement can be extremely beneficial for those facing these issues. It is often hard for individuals suffering from abusive environments to come out and discuss what has been happening, so taking time to create an environment where they feel comfortable sharing will go a long way towards helping them get on the path towards recovery from their experiences.

15. The national and local strategies for safeguarding and protection from abuse

The national and local strategies for safeguarding and protection from abuse aim to ensure that vulnerable adults, children, young people, and disabled people are protected from any form of abuse. The national strategy is known as “Making Safeguarding Personal,” which sets out the approaches required to prevent all forms of harm, physical or emotional. This approach involves a multi-agency partnership between organisations, including social services, health providers, educational institutions, and voluntary agencies, who collaborate in order to identify risks posed by abusers.

Local authorities also have their own policies in place that are tailored specifically for their area, depending on risk factors such as high population densities or certain age groups being more susceptible than others. These include: establishing measures of prevention where early interventions can be used when risks arise; ensuring clear lines of accountability so victims know to whom they should report issues to; promoting equality among all persons regardless of gender or race, etc.; protecting those with mental health difficulties, etc.; providing support services such as advocacy programs which help those who have experienced abuse; and setting up inter-agency networks in order to ensure that communication is maintained throughout all of the departments involved.

Furthermore, local authorities also promote awareness campaigns so that people know what abuse is, as well as its signs and symptoms, so they can be alert to any potential risks. Training courses are also available for professionals working in certain areas, such as healthcare or childcare, where they can learn how best to identify those at risk of being abused. Finally, social media platforms have been adopted by some organisations which provide advice on preventing child exploitation or raising funds for vulnerable individuals, demonstrating how current technologies are used today towards a common goal – safeguarding protection from all forms of harm, regardless of age or circumstance.

16. What to do when receiving comments and complaints ensuring appropriate and timely actions takes place

When receiving comments and complaints as a health and social care professional, it is important to ensure that appropriate actions are taken in a timely manner.

The first step should be to actively listen to the patient or their family member’s concerns or comments. This could involve asking open-ended questions to gain more information about the issue at hand, such as when it began, what has been done previously in regards to trying other remedies, etc., so that you can better assess how best you can address the complaint/comment. Active listening also enables respect for feelings associated with situations expressed by patients/relatives, thereby creating trust between professionals and service users alike.

It is important for practitioners to provide accurate answers within reason where possible. If there is a lack of knowledge, then letting people know where they can obtain further details from would be beneficial; this could include referring them to services outside of your own practice (i.e., a private psychologist). When providing advice, make sure it aligns with clinical guidelines/protocols.

In terms of acting upon the comment/complaint, it is important to ensure that action plans are put in place as soon as possible and with respect to following guidelines or legal requirements when necessary. This could include informing senior members of staff and taking into consideration what resources would be required in order to resolve any issues brought up by patients or their family members (e.g., medication, extra staffing). Additionally, a record should be kept that outlines how the complaint was handled, such as the date, who was involved, etc. This will enable future reference should similar incidents arise again.

Finally, if you have been unable to fully address the patient’s concern during your initial conversation, then make sure an appropriate follow-up plan has been established for future contact. Ensuring clients have access to services at all times is key, so having these measures on standby will help aid best practices within health and social care services.

17. How to recognise and prevent unsafe practices in the workplace

Unsafe practices in the health and social care workplace pose a serious risk to both staff members and patients. It is important that all employees are aware of the potential risks associated with their work environment, as well as what they can do to help prevent them from occurring.

The first step in recognising unsafe practices is being able to identify them when they occur. Common signs include: not wearing safety equipment such as gloves or masks, performing hazardous tasks without proper training or supervision, using faulty equipment, inadequate maintenance of medical records, and patient confidentiality breaches. Other indicators may be more subtle but still present an unacceptable risk – such as not following approved protocols for handling medical waste or failure to use protective clothing when dealing with hazardous materials. All employees should be trained on how to recognise any unsafe behaviour, so it can be quickly addressed by management if needed.

Once recognised, steps should be taken immediately by management personnel to act upon any identified problem areas before a more serious incident occurs. These could include providing additional employee training and awareness to ensure that everyone is familiar with the safe practices for their job, conducting regular safety checks and reviews of workspaces and equipment, and ensuring proper maintenance is carried out on all machines or instruments being used.

Other measures to prevent unsafe behaviour from occurring include implementing strict policies regarding the use of protective clothing when dealing with hazardous materials, keeping accurate records of any accident reports in order to better track down potential causes, and encouraging staff feedback through surveys or focus groups. It can also be beneficial for management personnel to take part in external audits conducted by industry experts, which could help them gain an unbiased perspective on how they manage safety within their workplace.

Overall, it is important that health and social care organisations make sure their employees have a full understanding of what constitutes safe practices so they can recognise any violations quickly if they occur – helping protect both themselves as well as those under their care.

18. The importance and process of whistleblowing, being able to facilitate timely intervention

Whistleblowing is the act of speaking out, either publicly or internally, to an authority figure about any illegal, immoral, or unethical behaviour witnessed in a workplace. It involves disclosing information that one reasonably believes indicates potential wrongdoing. The concept of whistleblowing has become increasingly important as people are now more aware and understanding of the consequences that can arise from such behaviour going unreported.

As a health and social care worker, it is essential to be vigilant when it comes to recognising any form of wrongdoing that could put service users at risk. Therefore, being able to facilitate timely intervention by whistleblowing should always be taken into consideration if deemed necessary. Whistle-blowers are legally protected under employment law and public interest disclosure acts, so they don’t have anything to fear when taking action against something observed while carrying out their duties.

The process begins with evaluating whether there appears to have been misconduct on behalf of someone within the organisation where you work. This includes gathering evidence regarding this conduct, reporting this evidence to an appropriate individual or organisation that can take corrective action, and making sure that all whistleblowing policies, rules, and procedures have been followed. The whistle-blower must also ensure that they have not exposed themselves to any legal risks by taking this course of action.

Whistleblowing is a crucial part of being a responsible health and social care worker, as it enables timely intervention in cases where wrongdoing may be occurring, which can help protect the rights of service users who are most vulnerable in our society. Therefore, it is essential for professionals within the sector to understand their responsibilities when witnessing such behaviour so they know how best to respond appropriately when necessary.

19. How to address and resolve any dilemmas they may face between a person’s rights and their safety

It is often necessary to balance a person’s rights with their safety. This can create dilemmas, as what is best for one may not be best for the other. For example, a person may have the right to make their own decisions about their care, but if those decisions put them at risk of harm, their safety must be a priority.

There are several steps that can be taken to address and resolve these dilemmas. The first step is to try to understand the person’s perspective and consider their needs, preferences, and values. This may involve seeking input from the person, as well as from their family, friends, or caregivers.

The second step is to assess the risks and benefits of different courses of action. This may involve seeking input from healthcare professionals and others who have expertise in the area. It is important to consider not only the immediate risks and benefits but also the long-term consequences of different options.

The third step is to communicate openly and honestly with the person, explaining the dilemma and discussing the different options and their potential risks and benefits. It is important to involve the person in the decision-making process as much as possible and to respect their autonomy and dignity.

If the person is unable to make their own decisions, it may be necessary to involve a guardian or other decision-maker. In such cases, it is important to follow the appropriate legal and ethical guidelines and to consider the person’s best interests and wishes.

If the dilemma cannot be resolved through these steps, it may be necessary to seek guidance from a supervisor, an ethics committee, or other relevant resources. Ultimately, the goal is to find a solution that respects the person’s rights and promotes their safety and well-being to the greatest extent possible.

Reference:

1. “Safeguarding Adults: Sharing Information | SCIE.” Social Care Institute for Excellence (SCIE), 1 Jan. 2019, www.scie.org.uk/safeguarding/adults/practice/sharing-information#:~:text=Confidentiality
2. “Writing Safeguarding Policies and Procedures | NSPCC Learning.” NSPCC Learning, 28 Feb. 2022, learning.nspcc.org.uk/safeguarding-child-protection/writing-a-safeguarding-policy-statement.
3. “Safeguarding Policy and Procedure &Mdash; Personnel Checks.” Personnel Checks, 8 Dec. 2020, www.personnelchecks.co.uk/knowledge-hub/safeguarding-policy-and-procedure.
4. Jen. “What Is Safeguarding and Why Is It Important? Care Check.” Care Check, 18 May 2020, www.carecheck.co.uk/importance-of-safeguarding.
5. “Child Abuse – Symptoms and Causes.” Mayo Clinic, 19 May 2022, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/child-abuse/symptoms-causes/syc-20370864.
6. “Information Sharing and Confidentiality – Manchester Adult Policies, Procedures and Practice Portal.” 8.2 Information Sharing and Confidentiality – Manchester Adult Policies, Procedures and Practice Portal, www.manchesterappp.co.uk/information-sharing-and-confidentiality.
7. “Explain the Importance of Sharing Information With the Relevant Agencies.” Explain the Importance of Sharing Information With the Relevant Agencies, activesocialcare.com/handbook/safeguarding-adults/explain-the-importance-of-sharing-information-with-the-relevant-agencies.
8. “Safeguarding Policies and Procedures: Legislation to Consider | Skills Platform Blog.” Skills Platform Blog | Learn Something New, 14 Apr. 2021, www.skillsplatform.org/blog/planning-your-safeguarding-policies-and-procedures.
9. “NSPCC Learning Homepage – Safeguarding Training and Resources.” NSPCC Learning, learning.nspcc.org.uk.
10. England, NHS. “NHS England &Raquo; About NHS England Safeguarding.” NHS England &Raquo; About NHS England Safeguarding, www.england.nhs.uk/safeguarding/about.
11. Nazarko, Linda. “Safeguarding and Protection in Health and Social Care.” Nursing and Residential Care, vol. 13, no. 6, Mark Allen Group, June 2011, pp. 264–68. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.12968/nrec.2011.13.6.264.
12. Turner, Sarah. “Safeguarding Children Training in Adult Mental Health Care.” Mental Health Practice, vol. 12, no. 9, RCN Publishing Ltd., June 2009, pp. 28–32. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.7748/mhp2009.06.12.9.28.c7093.
13. Collier, Ellie. “Caldicott Principles | 7 Principles of Health Care.” The Hub | High Speed Training, 19 Apr. 2019, www.highspeedtraining.co.uk/hub/7-caldicott-principles.
14. “Writing Safeguarding Policies and Procedures | NSPCC Learning.” NSPCC Learning, 28 Feb. 2022, learning.nspcc.org.uk/safeguarding-child-protection/writing-a-safeguarding-policy-statement
15. Blane, Paul. “What Legislation Governs Safeguarding? | Care Business Associate Training.” Care Business Associate Training, 9 Dec. 2020, cbassociatetraining.co.uk/what-legislation-governs-safeguarding.
16. Owen, Jennifer, et al. “Adult Safeguarding Managers’ Understandings of Self‐neglect and Hoarding.” Health & Social Care in the Community, Wiley, May 2022. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.1111/hsc.13841.